石榴籽·同心圆 | 撒拉族:“许乎”——绽放的“石榴花”

2024-08-29 08:59:22 - 新浪新闻

石榴籽·同心圆|撒拉族:“许乎”——绽放的“石榴花”

发布时间:2024-08-29

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【编者按】1994年,中央第三次西藏工作座谈会拉开了对口支援西藏的帷幕,今年是对口支援西藏工作30年。在中国56个民族中,有这样一个与藏族人民“世代修好”的民族——撒拉族。千百年来,撒拉先民定居并扎根于青藏高原,各民族之间世代传承着一种跨族交往关系——“许乎”。

石榴籽·同心圆 | 撒拉族:“许乎”——绽放的“石榴花”

“难怪,老红军邵明先后来跟我说,撒拉人,是真正的刚强民族,我从没见过他们悲观失望的时候,总说一切都会有最好的安排。”——摘自《红星照耀黄河》

"Nowonder,theRedArmyveteranShaoMingxianhastoldmethattheSalaris atrulyresilientethnicgroup.Ihaveneverseentheminastateofpessimismordisappointment--theyalwaysbelievethateverythingwillendonapositivenote." --QuotefrombookRedStarOvertheYellowRiver

石榴籽·同心圆 | 撒拉族:“许乎”——绽放的“石榴花”

有这样一个部落,几百年前,从遥远的中亚启程,一路东迁……驼铃声声,沙尘漫漫,最终扎根于青藏高原,这就是撒拉族。

Centuriesago,therewas atribethatembarkedonaeastwardjourneyfromremoteCentralAsia.They traversed thevastlandswiththesoundofcamelbellsandamidsttheswirlingsands.Eventually,theysettledintheQinghai-XizangPlateau,andthistribeisknownastheSalaethnicgroup.

撒拉族祖先定居于青海循化后,与周围藏、回、汉、蒙古等族长期杂居融合、繁衍,逐步形成了一个稳定的民族共同体。长久以来,各民族之间世代传承着一种跨族交往关系——“许乎”。

AftertheancestorsoftheSalaethnicgroup settledinXunhua,nowaSalaautonomouscountyinwestChina'sQinghaiProvince,theycoexistedandintegratedwithneighboringethnicgroupssuchasTibetan,Hui,Han,andMongolian.Overtime,theygraduallyformedastablecoexistingethniccommunity.Forgenerations,therehasbeenacross-ethnicrelationshipknownas"Xuhu"thathasbeenpasseddownamongvariousethnicgroups.

石榴籽·同心圆 | 撒拉族:“许乎”——绽放的“石榴花”

韩庆功(循化县委讲师团团长)

HanQinggong, headofCPCXunhuacommittee'stheoryandpolicylecturerteam

韩庆功:你一定要生存下来,没别的地方去了。那一定要生存下来你要怎么办,最后他们就想到,向别的民族靠拢,最先靠拢的就是藏族。我觉得这是一种文化上的智慧。后来呢,两个民族之间生活上交往、经济上交流、文化上交融,就形成了今天我们所说的“许乎文化(关系)”。

HanQinggong:Youmustsurvive, asthereisnowhereelsetogo.Inordertoensuretheirsurvival,theycameupwiththeideaofapproachingotherethnicgroups,withtheTibetansbeingthefirstchoice.Ibelievethisisaculturalwisdom.Astimewenton,therewereinteractionsindailylife,economicexchanges,andculturalintegrationbetweenthetwoethnicgroups,whicheventuallyformedarelationshipwhatwenowcall"Xuhu."

许乎,藏语译音,意思是值得信托的朋友或交往,语含亲切。

Subtitle:Xuhu,atransliterationfromTibetan,meansatrustedfriendorrelationship,connotingasenseofwarmthandcloseness.

石榴籽·同心圆 | 撒拉族:“许乎”——绽放的“石榴花”

来塘村是一个撒拉族村落,山路崎岖且常有塌方,就是在这样一个偏僻而又语言不通的环境里,一位藏族教师却用担当和爱心坚守了30多年,延续着千百年来亲如一家的“许乎”关系。

LaitangVillageisaSalavillage,nestledintheruggedmountainswherelandslidesarefrequent.Insucharemoteandlinguisticallyisolatedenvironment,aTibetanteacherhasdedicatedhimselfwithresponsibilityandloveforover30years,upholdingthefamily-like"Xuhu"relationshipthathaslastedforcenturies.

石榴籽·同心圆 | 撒拉族:“许乎”——绽放的“石榴花”

完么仁增(白庄镇来塘小学校长)

PadmaRigzin,principalofLaitangPrimarySchool,BaizhuangTown

完么仁增:我叫完么仁增,是道帏乡牙木村人,我是一个藏族老师。我90年4月份来的时候,我不懂撒拉语。然后,两年时间慢慢地,跟村委会书记学了一点撒拉语。两年过了以后,再问撒拉话我基本知道,现在我能说90%的撒拉语,我能说能听。最近两年,我们来塘村搬迁到了县城,现在只(剩)两三户人家,目前只有四个学生。我是一个藏族,我的学生、这个村子都是撒拉族,但是我的撒拉族学生和我这个老师的关系非常好。

MynameisPadmaRigzin,andIamfromYamuVillageinDaowei Township.IamaTibetanteacher.WhenIarrivedhereinApril1990,IdidnotunderstandtheSalarlanguage.However,overthecourseoftwoyears,IgraduallylearnedsomeSalarfromthevillagecommitteesecretary.Aftertwoyears,Ibecameproficientinspeakingandunderstandingabout90percentofthelanguage.Inthepasttwoyears,ourvillagehasrelocatedtothecountyfromtheLaitangvillage,wherethereareonlytwoorthreehouseholdsremaining,withcurrentlyonlyfourstudents.IamaTibetan,andbothmystudentsandthisvillageareSalar.Despitethis,therelationshipbetweenmySalarstudentsandmeisverygood.

今年,来塘村最后几户家庭将全部搬迁到县城新家。完么仁增说,只要有一个学生,他就会坚守这所来塘学校。

Thisyear,theremainingfewhouseholdsinLaitangVillagewillallberelocatedtotheirnewhomesinthecounty. PadmaRigzinsaidthataslongasthereisonestudent,hewillremaincommittedtothisvillageschool.

石榴籽·同心圆 | 撒拉族:“许乎”——绽放的“石榴花”

多民族生活在同一片土地上,使撒拉族的文化充满了“融合”,婚礼、服饰、篱笆楼,都有着融合的色彩。风格迥异的清真寺耸立于街头,不同信仰因“许乎”关系走到一起。

ThecoexistenceofmultipleethnicgroupsinthesamelandhasmadetheSalarculturefullofintegration.Theirtraditionalweddings,costumes,andhousesallexhibitculturalfusion.Diversestylesofmosquesstandtallonthestreets,anddifferentfaithscoexistduetothe"Xuhu"relationship.

每逢藏族过新年,撒拉族会到藏族家里串门拜年。撒拉族过古尔邦节,藏族则到撒拉族家里道贺,建立了你来我往的传统友谊。

DuringtheTibetanNewYear,theSalarwouldvisitTibetanhouseholdstoexchangeNewYeargreetings.Similarly,duringtheSalar'sCorbanFestival, TibetanswouldvisitSalarhouseholdstooffercongratulations, establishingatraditionofmutualfriendshipandinteraction.

石榴籽·同心圆 | 撒拉族:“许乎”——绽放的“石榴花”

韩占祥(“撒拉族婚礼”国家级传承人)

HanZhanxiang,national-levelinheritorofSala weddingcustoms,anationalintangibleculturalheritage

韩占祥:撒拉族跟藏族已经成为一家人了。咱们“许乎文化(关系)”涉及到很多方面的问题。你比如说,咱们每年要封斋,封一个月的斋,我们一天不吃饭。藏族的熟人们来了后,给他倒茶他不喝,他说:“你们封斋,我们不喝。”彼此之间的尊重,尊敬尊重的关系,自觉不自觉地形成了两个民族的统一文化。

HanZhanxiang:TheSalaandTibetanethnicgroupshavebecomelikeonefamily.Our"Xuhu"relationshipinvolvesmanyaspects.Forexample,everyyearweobserveamonth-longfastingperiodduringwhich wedonoteatduringtheday.WhenTibetanacquaintancescome,weofferthemtea,buttheyrefuse,saying,"Wewillnotdrinkwhenyouarefasting."Thismutualrespecthasunconsciouslyformedaninclusiveculturebetweenthetwoethnicgroups.

撒拉族老人们说:“生活中如果少了藏语,少了与‘许乎’的交往,就如奶茶缺了盐一样,一下子就寡淡乏味了。”

TheSalaeldershaveasaying:"IfourliveswerewithouttheTibetanlanguageandwithoutinteractionwith'Xuhu',itwouldbelikehavingbutterteawithoutsalt-- suddenlyblandandtasteless."

石榴籽·同心圆 | 撒拉族:“许乎”——绽放的“石榴花”

在循化县城东,有一座革命烈士陵园,纪念塔浮雕上雕刻着“英雄救英雄”的光辉事迹。

IntheeastofXunhualies arevolutionarymartyrs' cemetery,whereamemorialtowerisadornedwithreliefsdepictingthegloriousdeedsof“heroessavingheroes.”

石榴籽·同心圆 | 撒拉族:“许乎”——绽放的“石榴花”

马明全(循化县退役军人事务局西路军爱国主义教育中心主任)

MaMingquan,directoroftheWestRouteArmyofChineseWorkers' andPeasants' RedArmypatriotismeducationcenter,veteransaffairsbureauofXunhua

马明全:1949年循化解放的时候,撒拉族和回族主要聚居在黄河沿岸。解放军要渡过黄河,挺进青海(西宁)的时候,撒拉族当时的水手,他们的水性特别好,通过羊皮筏子、木头筏子,或者是个人游泳等各种方式,帮助我们的中国人民解放军渡过黄河。

MaMingquan:In1949,whenXunhuawasliberated,theSalaandHuiethnicgroupsprimarilyresidedalongtheYellowRiver.AstheChinesePeople'sLiberationArmy(PLA)advancedtowardsQinghai(Xining)andneededtocrosstheYellowRiver,theSalar,whowereskilledsailorsatthetime,usedvariousmethodssuchassheepskinrafts,woodenrafts,andpersonalswimmingtoassistthePLAincrossingtheriver.

1954年,循化县改称“循化撒拉族自治县”,撒拉族人民终于拥有了管理本民族内部事务的权利。撒拉族先民从中亚迁徙到循化,一路颠沛流离,到达循化时人数极少,但骨子中乐善好施、友好睦邻的传统让这支“部落”得以成为中华民族大家庭中的一员。

In1954,XunhuaCountywasrenamedXunhuaSalaAutonomousCounty, grantingtheSalartheautonomytomanageinternalaffairsoftheirownethnicgroup.TheancestorsoftheSalamigratedfromCentralAsiatoXunhuawithasmallpopulationleftaftergoingthroughalotof hardshipsalongtheway.However,theirinherenttraditionofbenevolence,friendliness,andgoodneighborlinessallowedthis"tribe"tobecomeamemberofthelargefamilyof56Chineseethnicgroups.

韩庆功:按一般民族发展历程来看,像撒拉族这样一个弱小民族,顶多维持三四百年就没有了。但是非常“奇怪”的是,撒拉族居然没有消亡,而且一直存活到今天,而且活得很好,他居然跟上了中华民族伟大复兴的历史进程,完成了第一个百年目标,而且提前完成了,2017的时候,全面建成了小康社会。那么如何走好未来的路?这是我们必须要思考的一个问题。我就想出了这么四句话,一个是拥护中国共产党,第二句话是热爱伟大祖国,第三句话是建设美好家园,第四句话是追求幸福生活。

HanQinggong:Lookingatthegeneralcourseofethnicgroupdevelopment,asmallethnicgrouplikeSalawouldtypicallyonlysurviveforthreeorfourhundredyearsatmost.However,itisquiteremarkablethattheSalarpeoplehavenotonlysurvivedbutalsothrived.TheyhaveactivelyparticipatedinthehistoricalprocessofthegreatrejuvenationoftheChinesenation,achievingthefirstcentennialgoalaheadofschedulebyfullybuildingamoderatelyprosperoussocietyin2017.So,howcanwecontinuethepathtoabetterfuture?Thisisaquestionwemustponder.Ihavecomeupwithfouraspects:first,supportingtheCommunistPartyofChina;second,lovingourgreatmotherland;third,buildingabeautifulhomeland;andfourth,pursuingahappylife.

“许乎”,犹如高原大地上的另一种黄河涛声,也是难以割舍的一缕珍贵乡愁,更是一朵民族团结绽放的“石榴花”。

"Xuhu,"liketheroaringoftheYellowRiverontheplateau,isapreciousnostalgiathatishardtoletgoof.Itisalsoablooming"pomegranateflower"onthesoilofethnic solidarity.

推荐阅读:大山大河孕育出的中华民族——循化故事

http://mp42.china.com.cn/video_tide/2024/8/28/20248281724828694725_407.mp4

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